The objective of this study was to investigate the antidiarrhoealactivity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Ficus pumila L. (Moraceae) in experimental animals. Two doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of the extracts were used for the study. The experiments was performed by using two models such as castor oil induced model and  magnesium sulphate induced model .Loperamide 3mg/kg  was used as the standard drug. All drugs were administered by the oral route.The result showed that administration of the extract of Ficus pumila L. to the animals significantly decreases the number of faecal droppings and increases the percentage inhibition of defecation in a dose dependent manner. Phyto-chemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrate, glycosides, sterols, flavonoids and triterpenes. From the results obtained it could be concluded that the ethanolic extract of leaves of Ficus pumila L.possess significant, dose dependent antidiarrhoeal activity.

Now days, microwaves are used for extraction of phytoconstitutents from plant material because of tremendous research interest and potential. Conventional extraction techniques are time consuming and require more solvent and most of them are not suitable for thermolabile constituents. This article throws light on importance of extraction step in herbal research and medicine. The extraction step must be high yielding; fast, selective, less solvent consuming, protecting thermolabile substances and these features are present in the microwave assisted extraction (MAE) technique. In this technique (MAE) heat is generated using microwave energy. The parameters that influence extraction are solvent nature and volume, extraction time, microwave power, matrix characteristics and temperature and some of the potential applications of this extraction technique are given here. The MAE technique is compared with other extraction techniques.

Lemongrass oil (LGO) is extracted from fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus by steam distillation. Chemical constituents of Lemongrass oil are myrcene, citronellal, geranyl acetate, nerol, geraniol, neral and traces of limonene and citral. Phytotherapeutic properties of Lemongrass oil are antimicrobial, antipyretic, antiseptic, astringent, bactericidal, deodorant, febrifuge, fungicidal, nervous system sedative and tonic. In addition, LGO also revitalizes the body and relieves the symptoms of jetlag, clears headaches and helps to combat nervous exhaustion and stress-related conditions. Traditional uses include its potential in severity of respiratory infections such as sore throats, laryngitis and fever and also conditions like colitis and gastro-enteritis. In this review, we present the scientific works published till the date. Formulation strategies, analytical works, bioactivities, toxicology and animal studies have been discussed in brief in this report.

This study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of Plantago major L.onreduction ofhepatic transaminases and improvement of histopathologic appearances on Omeprazole and Ciprofibrate induced hepatotoxicity rat (Rattus norvegicus)  model. By experimental study and post test only with control group design, 20 of rats were divided in to 4 groups. Group I as a negative control was given Omeprazole 10mg/200gBW rat and Ciprofibrat dose 16 mg/ 200g BBrat/day per oral. Group II was given Omeprazole 10mg/200gBW rat and Ciprofibrat dose 16 mg/200gBB rat/day and Plantago major L.50mg/200gBW rat/day per oral. Group III was given Omeprazole 10mg/200gBW rat and Ciprofibrat dose 16 mg/200gBB rat/day and Plantago major L.100mg/200gBW rat/day per oral. Group IV was given Omeprazole 10mg/200gBW rat and Ciprofibrat dose 16 mg/200gBB rat/day and Plantago major L.200mg/200gBW rat/day per oral. There were significantly difference of Aspartate aminotransferase (p=0,003; α<0,05), Alanine aminotransferase (p=0,004; α<0,05) and  histopathological appearance between groups (p= 0,001; α<0,05) Dose 50mg and 100mg/200gBW rat/day per oral of ethanol extract of Plantago major L are more effective as a hepatoprotective than dose 200mg/200gBW rat/day per oral. This research can be concluded that administration of ethanol extract of Plantago major L. can protect the liver damage on drug induced hepatotoxicity rat (Rattus norvegicus) model.

The anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves in experimental acute and chronic inflammatory animal models. The hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves was prepared and tested for anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats weighing 150-280 grams. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 each; one group served as control and other two groups received indomethacin and Aegle marmelos leaves orally 1 hour prior to experimentation. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was studied using the acute (Carrageenan induced paw edema) animal models. Anti-inflammatory activity was expressed as Percent inhibition (PI). Statistical analysis was performed using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe's post hoc test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The PI with indomethacin and Bilwa in carrageenan induced paw edema were 49.50% and 34.02%. Indomethacin showed highly significant anti-inflammatory activity. However, Aegle marmelos leaves showed highly significant activity in acute model when compare to indomethacin.

Hyperlipidemia is the greatest risk factor of coronary heart disease. Currently available hypolipidemic drugs have been associated with number of side effects. Herbal treatment for hyperlipidemia has no side effects and is relatively cheap and locally available. Literature claims that curcuma aromaticais able to reduce hyperlipidemia. Based on this in herbal plant, curcuma aromaticawas selected and the present study focus on the Anti-oxidant and Anti-Hyperlipidemic activity was investigated in Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rat model. Twenty four rats were assigned randomly into four groups. The normal group was fed regular diet control group was treated with triton a single dose 100 mg/kg body weight i.p. Test group with triton and curcuma aromatica. Another group with triton treated with standard drug. The plasma levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL, VLDL, HDL levels and in vitro antioxidant parameter such as DPPH method-scavenging activity was examined. This may give results as inhibition of hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis by curcuma aromaticawas associated with a decrease in plasma lipids and an increase in antioxidative abilities.

Nelumbo nuciferaGaertn. (Nymphaeaceae), also known as sacred lotus, is a well known medicinal plant. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been used throughout Egypt, the Middle East, India, and China since ancient times, primarily as a food, but also as a medicine. The flowers, seeds, leaves, fruit, and rhizomes of the lotus are all edible. The petals of the flower are used as a wrap for foods in Asia, and the rhizome is a common ingredient in soups and stir-fries. Lotus flowers, leaves, seeds, and fruit have been used traditionally to treat a variety of conditions, including diarrhea, abnormal bleeding, poor digestion, fever, and insomnia. There is not enough scientific research on the use of lotus for treatment of any condition. This article reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry and therapeutic reports on different parts of N.nucifera viz. the seeds, rhizomes, leaves and flowers. This review also describes various compounds isolated from different parts of this plant and the therapeutic benefits derived from those phytoconstituents.

Pharmacoeconomic evaluations have become an important tool on therapeutic decisions making in chronic illness. It is comparatively a young science in health care team which is still in the sample of methodologies. In the current world of rising medical costs, pharmacoeconomic evaluations provide a basis for resource allocation and utilization. Its need is undeniable in developing countries like India. The PE study results will help to improve the patient care with social perspective.