Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are widely used in the field of medicine. The silver nanoparticles formation was confirmed by the colour change of plant extracts (SNPs). Phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activities using disc diffusion method. The test cultures Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Bacillus and E.coli species of bacteria were used. The microbial property of silver nanoparticles was analyzed by measuring the inhibition zone. The SNPs synthesized from leaf and boiled leaf extracts ofAnisomeles malabarica showed the growth of Pseudomonas species were inhibited maximum zone of inhibition. FTIR Spectroscopic analysis reveals the presence of biomolecules in the reaction medium may be responsible for the reduction of silver ions. The results indicate that the silver nanoparticles may have an important advantage over conventional antibiotics.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a polygenic, genetically heterogeneous, complex disorder which is rapidly approaching epidemic proportions in the developing world. Asian countries, India in particular, are becoming highly prone to the development of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is often seen in the pre-diabetic state, notably in healthy subjects genetically predisposed for type 2 diabetes. In this study, there are signs of adipose tissue distribution and adipokine production in insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes was studied. In conclusion that the above two mentioned adipokines, angiotensin and GLP-1, disturbances in Type-2 diabetes. There are still many more adipokines to be explored and provide exciting ventures for future research.

Benzodiazepines medications were involved in 85 percent of errors and non Benzodiazepines in 15 percent. Although psychotropic medications have had a remarkable impact on psychiatric practice that legitimately can be called revolutionary, their utilization and consequences on real life effectiveness and safety in actual clinical practice need continuous study. The clinical pattern and spectrum of ADRs in the department of medicine were studied in 111 subjects. Prospective observational study was done to assess the clinical pattern and spectrum of ADRs reported in department of pharmacy practice, the assessment of ADRs by various scales, and to compare between patient reporting and Health care professional reporting of ADRs in terms of causality, preventability factors and its impact on emotional, social and occupational life.

In this study, we describe a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 0.1mM AgNO₃ solution through the extract of Strychnos potatorum seed and bark. Nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, FTIR analysis and phase contrast microscopes. Further these biologically synthesized nanoparticles were found to be highly toxic against different multi drug resistant human pathogens. The  synthesized silver nanoparticle from Strychnos potatorum seed extract were tested against  different pathogenic microorganisms such as Bacillus sp., (14 mm), E.coli (19 mm), Klebsiella   sp., (16 mm),  Proteus  vulgaris,  (22 mm), Pseudomonas  aeruginosa (13 mm), S.  aureus (22 mm), S. epidermidis (21 mm). Bark extract were  tested  against  Bacillus  sp., (16  mm), E.coli  (19 mm), Klebsiella sp., (18  mm), Proteus vulgaris, (17 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16  mm), S. aureus (21 mm), S. epidermidis (17 mm). The maximum zone of inhibition observed in Proteussp., S.  aureus and S.  epidermidis.

Colitis is an inflammation of colon which is often used in medical context to describe an inflammation of the large intestine (colon, caecum and rectum). The term colitis can be used broadly to define Crohn’s disease if the aetiology of the inflammation in the colon is undetermined or to Ulcerative colitis if the context is clear and disease is diagnosed. Emu oil comes from a thick pad of fat on the back of the bird that was initially provided by nature to protect the animal from the extreme temperatures of its Australian homeland. Approximately 70 % of the fatty acids in emu fat are unsaturated – Omega 3, 6 and 9. In this current study effect of the EMU oil in the treatment of Dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis were evaluated.

The bioavailability of Lutein solubilized in essential oil of Ajowan (A group) and suspension in vegetable oil (A1 group) were evaluated following a single dose in two groups of male rats ( n=8). The bioavailability measured over 48 hrs showed that the mean plasma Lutein levels in the A1 group were significantly lower than those of the other group.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), also known as simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. Prevention and treatment involves a healthy diet, physical exercise, not using tobacco and being a normal body weight. Blood pressure control and proper foot care are also important for people with the disease. Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin injections. Type 2 diabetes may be treated with medications with or without insulin. The main aim of the current study is to provide a better understanding of the Type 1 diabetes patients quality of life by assessing the difference in glycemic control in patients (Type-1 DM) using MDI (Multiple daily Injection) and CSII (Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion) by the help of Insulin pump.

The present study was taken up for evaluating the analgesic activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the seeds of the coriandrum sativum and the fruits of the momordica dioica. The results is observed from the phytochemical study that tannins, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, saponin and aminoacids are absent in all extracts. Flavonoids and triterpens are presents in ethanolic extract and aqueous extract. Carbohydrates, reducing sugars and fixed oils are present all extracts. The phytochemical study it was proved that flavanoides, fixed oils, reducing sugars, triterpens and carbohydrates are present. From the study it was shown that the Aqueous and Ethanolic extracts of high doses shown significant response when compare with control. And it was proved that poly herbal formulation shows fewer side effects than individual. So the present study was in poly herbal formulation.

An adverse drug reaction is a noxious and unintended response to a drug. It occurs at doses normally used in human for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of a disease, or for modification of physiological function. ADRS are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They are responsible for complicating 5%-15% of therapeutic drug courses. The science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem is called “Pharmacovigilance”. The Objectives of the present work includes: elucidating the historical and scientific necessity of International and National Pharmacovigilance Centers, assessing awareness of health Practitioners in the different hospitals in Asmara towards ADRs reporting and monitoring, and assessing the current situation of Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Center. Methodologically, the study comprises reviewing international and national experiences for building up pharmacovigilance systems, as well as a cross sectional study, designed to assess current situation of Eritrean National Pharmacovigilance Center. The data was collected by employing pre-coded questionnaire and interviewing an ENPC representative. Results showed that only 38.7% of the respondents were aware of existence of the ENPC and that 29% of the respondents were not aware of the possible incidence of adverse drug reactions. The study also showed that while only 9.7% of the respondents had reported suspected ADR to the ENPC, no one of them did receive any feedback from the center. In conclusion, the performed survey showed under reporting of ADRs, the matter which may be attributed to not knowing the process of reporting, not knowing the ENPC as a center, lack of knowledge about ADRs…etc. Accordingly, actualizing Pharmacovigilance activity in Eritrea is representing an urgent need.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, ethanol and methanol extract of some medicinal plants such as Ocimum gratissimum Linn and Andrographis Paniculata Nees against multi-drug resistant pathogenic gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) bacteria. The sensitivity of gram positive and gram negative pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria to aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts of O. gratissimum and A. Paniculata plants used as popular medicine in India was studied in vitro by the disk diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). All the bacterial strains were found to be sensitive to aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts. But, it is evident that the ethanol and methanol extracts were comparatively more effective than aqueous extracts. It can be concluded that the extracts of these two medicinal plants possess antimicrobial activity against human pathogens.