The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used as definition the pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”. In the medical diagnosis, pain was regarded as a symptom of an underlying condition. In pharmacological screening method, Moringa oleifera. L flowers extraction when administered in rats shown less potent analgesic activity when compared to the standard drug, by using Eddy’s hot plate method maintained at 55oC temperature. The phytochemical study it was proved that flavanoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolic compounds, proteins and carbohydrates are present. From the study it was shown that the Ethanolic extract low and high doses shown more significant response when compare with control.

The use of plants for medicinal purposes has revolutionized in recent times. Many plants have been used to treat sicknesses like cancers, inflammations, pains, piles, high blood pressure, malaria fever, viral infections, and bacterial infections. One of such plant is Salix lucida (shinning willow). It has been used in treating pains and inflammations in traditional medicine in Nigeria. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials of S. lucida leaf extract, and isolate the bioactive compound that might be responsible for these activities. Salix lucida leaf methanol extract was screened to determine anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in Swiss albino mice in carrageenan induced paw edema and acetic acid induced pain respectively at different extract doses of 400, 800, and 1,200mg/kg b.w. GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy were used to characterized the bioactive compound. The results showed that at dosage of 1,200mg/kg b.w., there were significant reductions in inflammation and analgesia in the mice treated with S. lucida leaf extract, with pronounced reductions in the volume of paw edema when compared to the mice treated with standard drugs aspirin and ibuprofen respectively for 6 hours (p<0.05; one-way ANOVA). Mass spectra and NMR analysis revealed the presence of a flavonoid compound as the bioactive material which might be responsible for the observed biological activities. Therefore, the findings from this study justified the use of the leaf extract of Salix lucida in the treatment of inflammation and pains (analgesia) in the Nigerian traditional medicine.

Background: The safety of Ayurveda medications for long term use in the management of arthritis is always concern for practitioners, patients and policy makers as large number of patients well convinced about its efficacy. The reports of Ayurveda medications induced severe side effect and organ damage sometimes puzzle the practitioners as well as patients. Objectives: To evaluate the safety status of Ayurveda formulations used in arthritis in various Ayurveda hospitals. Methods: A retrospective observational study was planned and identified arthritis patients who had been prescribed various Ayurveda medications for long duration. The patients those continuously used Ayurveda medications (Kasaya, vati, Gugulu, Rasa ausadhi) internally for more than six months and done the pre and post safety laboratory tests were included in the evaluation process. Result: No significant change in pre and post treatment profiles of liver enzymes, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, Hb%, Blood pressure and platelet count were found for long term in low dose use of rasa rasayana among arthritis patients those had no other systemic illness. No sign of adverse drug reaction were found in the observed cases by their physicians. Conclusion: This preliminary observation showed that Ayurveda Medications including Rasa Rasayanas in low dose for long duration are safe therapy in the management of Arthritis.

Vitamin C or ascorbic acid (AA) is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties, found in both animals and plants. It capacities as a redox buffer which can decrease, and in this manner neutralize, receptive oxygen species. It may be a cofactor for proteins included in controlling photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and recovering other cancer prevention agents; which too controls cell division and development, is included in flag transduction, and has parts in a few physiological forms, such as safe incitement, amalgamation of collagen, hormones, neurotransmitters, and press retention, has too parts in detoxifying the body of overwhelming metals. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of ascorbic acid (AA, 40mg/kg BW) on antioxidant enzymes in male rabbits every other day for 12 weeks. Results showed that treatment with Ascorbic acid significantly (p<0.05) increased (GSH), (GPx), (GST), (CAT) and (SOD) activities in plasma as compared with control group on the other hand treatment with ascorbic acid alone significantly (p<0.05) decreased TBARS concentration in plasma as compared with control group.

Sesbania grandiflora belonging to the family Leguminoseae, considering various medicinal properties of the plant, were collected and studied for the anthelmintic property of the leaves. The present study involves the isolation and characterization of coumarin from the aqueous extract of the leaves of Sesbania grandiflora, experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible anthelmintic effects of various concentrations of the extract/ isolated compound in both earthworms and eggs of Ascaridia galli and Dipylidium caninum. The coumarin isolated from Sesbania grandiflora showed dose depending anthelmintic activity and was compared to the standard drug albendazole.